As I Lay Dying By William Faulkner - 1202 Words

Nicole Beatrice March 25th, 2015 As I Lay Dying The main theme in As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner is family. It is not a pleasant topic throughout the book. Poor or no communication creates intense barriers of misunderstanding and resentment between family member, but not particularly siblings who are rivals for their mother’s love. The family from the beginning isn t based off love because of the sort of arranged marriage of Anse and Addie Bundren. Most of the explaining of the families dynamic is all explained in Addies one and only chapter. To begin with she wasn’t a fit person to become a mother as she explained that as a school teacher she found joy in whipping her students. She says that her and Anse married because she had†¦show more content†¦According to the other narrators he was an extremely lazy man who had everyone else do his work for him. He says that if he sweats he will die so his family members and neighbors. For example when the coffin fell into the river it was Cash and Jewel near death while Anse sat off to the side and watched them struggle. Same for the when the burn was on fire Jewel was the one who ran in to get the coffin. Anse is religious just like their neighbor, Cora, he tries to justify his laziness by saying that God didn’t intend men to move so much and if he did he would have built them differently. Along with being lazy he is very cheap. He didn’t want to call the family doctor, Peabody, because he didn’t pay for it and same for when Cash broke his leg he would have rather pour cement on his leg rather than taking his to the doctor. And on top of being both cheap and lazy hes selfishness. He repeatedly puts his needs before his childrens. Like when he sold Jewel’s horse and Cash’s graphophone, even Dewey Dell’s abortion. Throughout the book we guess that the reason Anse is really taking Addie to Jefferson is so he can get his new teeth that he has been wanting since the beginning. The oldest child is Cash Bundren. He is very appreciated throughout the book and he is also ignored. The way that Cash shows love to his mother throughout the book is by creating a perfect coffin as a final gift to her. We can tell that Cash is a perfectionist every time he would

Ethical Values And Moral Values - 1192 Words

Ethics in a sense is everything we hold dear to us, meaning our moral values. The development of figuring out what is important to us requires intellectual and critical evaluation. By not developing ones own moral values, you are simply taking the route of taking the moral beliefs given to you by your family or society. You’re accepting them because its easier than questioning them. However, this has its setbacks, by choosing not to do ethics you are essentially undermining your own personal freedom of choice. By accepting beliefs of your culture without question, then those viewpoints are not truly yours. Another setback to not asking questions is that your reasons or responses will be lacking understanding. Moral principles are might be absolute or might not, even so we apply them to situations may be different and require you to evaluate the situation at hand, which is hard to do if you’ve never taken the time to do so before. The third importance is that without t aking the time to question and make your own moral code, you then in turn lose intellectual growth. You do not gain new understandings of the ever-changing world around you; you become stuck in a stagnant world, which is not reality. I think this class will help me look at moral judgments in a more logical and ethical way. I have already realized from this class that I have based my ethical decisions on my emotion and the way I feel which is only one form of ethics. This class will go over various theories toShow MoreRelatedMoral Values And Ethical Values941 Words   |  4 PagesMoral values and some profound qualities are the conviction or distinguish factor that certain practices are either great or terrible. A few ethics are not difficult to acknowledge and just the edges of social order may address or reject them. It is sheltered to expect that the moralities in human culture are intrinsic and inward inside us. What I mean is that the system that makes profound quality is inco rporated with our heredity. Ethics are liable to an extensive variety of provisions and extremesRead MoreA Lie Is Not Moral Or Ethical Value1004 Words   |  5 Pages It is never okay to lie to someone. Lying is disrespectful. I believe, the purpose to a lie is achieving a goal at the expense of another. It holds no moral or ethical value. Human beings are entitled to be respect by others. A philosopher known as Immanuel Kant who established two rules called as categorical imperative under the deontology theory (Kant, 2008). Deontology is the obligation or duty to act (Mosser, 2013). The rules in categorical imperative are one should act in a way thatRead MoreEthical Principles, Morals And Values Of A Company Or Organization Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesimplemented to educate employees on the ethical principles, morals and values of a company or organization. Organizations such as the National Association for Social Workers (NASW), and the National Organization for Human Services (NOHS) have ethical codes in place for individuals working within the Human Services field. The American Psychological Association (APA) have ethical principles for psychologists. Furthermore, journalist’s and corporations have ethical codes they must follow, yet their codesRead MoreInculcate Ethical Values in Children to Protect the Nation from the Depleting Morals and Ethical Values Under the Shade of Globalization2378 Words   |  10 Pagesand Means to inculcate Ethical Values in the children to protect the nation from the depleting morals and ethical values under the shade of Globalization `Children are our most valuable natural resource. -Herbert Hoover â€Å"India will be radiant when our children are free to dance in the rain- Azim H Premji, Chairman Wipro. â€Å"It is necessary that steps are taken to properly nurture them in the right direction at an early age, says Sriram Kannan. Introduction Ethical values generally refer to basicRead MoreEthical Dilemm Ethics, Values, Morals And Other Law And Policies1520 Words   |  7 PagesEthical dilemma occurs when there are two ways of doing things. One way can be the moral way by taking any decision and other can be the legal way. It is a situation which can involve an apparent conflict between moral values or actions which if obeyed, may result in emotional decisions taken (Allen, 2012) In order to determine an ethical dilemma it is necessary to make a distinction between ethics, values, morals and other law and policies. Ethical dilemma also involves the distinction betweenRead MoreSport s Impact On Moral And Ethical Values Of The Modern World1249 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluence on all spheres of human vital activities. It influences almost every aspect of our lives: business life, interethnic global relations, social conditions, it also forms moods, behaviors spreading throughout the society, has an impact on moral and ethic al values of populations, radically changes the way of life. Proving this thesis I want to include the words of famous Russian sportsman Alexander Volkov: â€Å"†¦sport today is the main social factor that can reflect the invasion of bad habits and cheapRead MorePersonal Ethics974 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal ethics What personal, cultural, and spiritual values contribute to your worldview and philosophy of nursing? How do these values shape or influence your nursing practice? Ethics and values form the basis of nursing. Nurses provide nursing care by preventing illness, reducing suffering and promoting restoration of health in individuals, families, societies and communities. Nursing involves technical skills and abilities, duty and service to others with compassion and efficient decision-makingRead MoreEthics Away From Home By Thomas Donaldson1507 Words   |  7 Pages In Thomas Donaldson’s Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home he examines whether or not companies should alter their own moral standards and those of their home country when doing business in foreign countries whose own ethical standards contradict the company’s and those of the company’s home country. He also raises the question of whether or not it is an acceptable practice for a company to invest in a country where the people’s human and political rights are being violated. Early in his essayRead MoreEthical Ethics Of The Environment1447 Words   |  6 PagesMany people have argued that all ethical decisions, especially ones that deal with the environment, should be made per the ethical egoist’s standpoint. However, I believe that is wrong, and in the end, will destroy our planet. Ethical egoist are people who make moral decisions based on their own interest, and the only thing to have moral standing is â€Å"me†. Basically, meaning that â€Å"I ought to do this, for what is best in my interest and my benefit.† I believe this is bad for the environment becauseRead MoreThe Importance Of Ethics And How Ethics Produce Effective Leaders1240 Words   |  5 Pagesmade a priority for leaders will produce ethical and effective leadership. With so many definitions of leadership, the question evolved from â€Å"what is the definition of leadership?† to â€Å"what is good leadership† (Ciulla, 2004, p. 13). To develop a system of values one must compile a list of the most important instrumental values and terminal values. These lists are unique to every individual because they are determined by personal importance. Instrumental values, such as honest, helpful, ambitious, responsible

The Diagnostic and Statistical Free Essays

People have their own personal faith and belief. Our cultural and parental upbringing influence our life’s principles and beliefs. We may encounter differences with other people based on views and perception on things. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diagnostic and Statistical or any similar topic only for you Order Now And these differences among people comprise the earth’s diversity. There are people who are intolerant of other’s opinion and prejudice. They are also raged by other people belonging from a different race or ethnic background (â€Å"Bigot†). They may also feel outraged by other’s lifestyle and identities that are different from their own. Bigotry is the characteristic and attitude of a bigot. It is the corresponding mindset of people who are extremely judgmental other people. Bigot is a term used in describing people who are firmly devoted in their prejudices, especially when their views are threatened or challenged. It is used to refer to people who hold blindly and intolerantly of their personal creed, opinion and belief (Adamson 200). Bigot is often mistaken by people as prejudice. Most people are confused between the two words. Prejudice happens when we tend to easily judge someone or something based solely on our personal opinion or attitude. Prejudice is also a learned behavior. We are taught of what to think about people of different gender, race and disability. It is influenced by our parents and neighborhood. Bigotry is hate. It is a form of prejudice carried to an extreme manner (Martin 149). There are various kinds of bigotry such as religious, racial, political, national and cultural bigotry. Bigotry is most likely seen in aspects of religious and political field. Many people hold fanaticism in their religious and political views. Individuals and groups tend to be blindly deluded by the belief that their religion, race, political party, nation and culture are more superior than the others. Such beliefs made them blindly and intolerant of others (Adamson 200). Based on the canonical definition of psychopathology, it seems to apply on visceral bigotry. Bigotry is not considered as a sickness but it can be regarded as a dysfunction based on some influential definitions of psychopathology. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders define mental disorders based on distress, disability and increase in harmful effects. Alvin Poussaint, a Harvard psychiatrist, believes that bigotry fits the definition and advocates in putting it on the list. Bigotry may be a dysfunction in responding to large segments of humanity. It may constitute impairment in responding healthy and responsible ways toward the targeted groups because of irrational hatred and contempt and other negative attitudes (Martin 130). If a person professes negative remarks blaming single mothers on the impairments of the society, it may be a form of bigotry. This may be under sexism or the belief that one judged the other based on their sex or gender and not through their capability as an individual. They believe that one sex is superior than the other. This is evident in the workplace environment where performance and capabilities are judged based on sex rather than having better qualifications. Sexism may also happen at home, school and society or community (â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†). In the case of having blamed the single mothers for the social ills in the society implies many unverified perceptions toward our women, specifically our single mothers. Single mothers refer to women raising their children in the absence of the father or their husband. Being a single mother is never an easy task. They take on many difficulties in trying to raise their children while earning for a living. Single mothers do not have the aid of their husband either partially or totally. This may cause difficulty in their part. Bigots toward them may blame them for taking part on the national aid extended by the social welfare department. The government extends financial aid on poor families with unemployed head of the family. There are also shelters that welcome homeless individuals. Sexists may blame the single mothers for their incapability to find decent jobs and provide the needs of the children. They may also blame the single mothers if their children turned nuisance to society. The delinquency of the children is blamed on their mothers for their incapability to rear them appropriately to become good citizens of the society. If their children become problems of the society, mothers are on the line questioning their eligibility and capability as a mother. It does not question the single fathers trying to raise their children and earn a living at the same time assuming that single fathers can perform the two tasks flawlessly at the same time. This may be viewed as a bias for some women, who may do better than some single fathers. Some single fathers also may be involved in neglecting their children or other types of child maltreatment. It may be a form of bigotry for it generalized single mothers as the culprit of social ills in the society. Being a sexist undermines the qualifications and abilities of people belonging on the other sex to take on a job or task. A sexist may view their sex as superior to others. They may view the other sex as inferior to them and not at their level. Viewing one sex as superior to other creates biases and prejudice toward the views on sex. Bigotry is involved when there is an extreme prejudice, hatred and contempt towards the other sex. Works Cited Adamson, Joseph J. What the World is Coming To?. Lincoln, NE: I Universe, Inc. , 2004. â€Å"Bigot†. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. 26 January 2009 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/bigot. â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†. articleworld. org. 24 January 2006. 26 January 2009 http://www. articleworld. org/index. php/Bigotry. Martin, Mike W. From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2006. Martin, Renee J. Practicing What We Teach: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education. Albany, New York: State University of New York, 1995. How to cite The Diagnostic and Statistical, Papers

Marketing Management & Research for Price and Specification

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management Research for Price and Specification. Answer: Introduction As stated by East et al., (2016), the modern business organizations have become more and more consumer oriented. The behaviour of the consumers is changing regularly so it is essential for the organizations to evaluate the needs and wants of the consumers. However, the initial focus of the study has to be on basic human behaviour as consumer behaviour is a subset of the overall behaviour of human beings. Horner and Swarbrooke, (2016) defines consumer buying behaviour is the process of deciding product, place, time, price and specification before making a purchase decision. On the other hand, Frederiks, Stenner and Hobman, (2015) defines consumer behaviour as the behaviour where the consumer goes through different phases such as searching, buying, using, examining and disposing of services, ideas and products. This definition can be elaborated by stating that consumer behaviour is the study of evaluating the behaviour of the consumers spending their resources on making purchase decisions. Consumers can be distinguished in two types, one is organizational and other is personal consumer. Personal consumers purchase the products for household purposes and organizational consumers purchase products for their respective organizations. However, this study will strictly focus on the personal consumers and their respective buying behaviours. Consumer behaviour is one of the recent topics of discussion when compared to the other aspect of marketing. As stated by Foxall, (2014), the concepts of consumer behaviour are borrowed from scientific disciplines of different subjects such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics and social psychology. The development of marketing concept increased the significance of consumer behaviour in the modern theories of marketing. Marketing concept stated that it is essential for the organization to identify the needs and wants of the consumers in order to support their marketing plan which should be based on the emerging needs of the consumers. The market was focused on production in the initial phases of the 19th century which led the orientation to be towards the production. However, with the advent of marketing orientation, the concept of consumer behaviour was widely to gain competitive advantage in the market. Frederiks, Stenner and Hobman, (2015) stated that the sales and pr ofit of any firm is dependent on the buying behaviour of the consumers. Therefore, different models of human behaviour were developed to predict the buying behaviour of the consumers. Different models of consumer buying behaviour According to Siegel, (2016), identification of the different aspects of consumer behaviour is quite tough as the consumers are influenced by varying factors. The human beings are greatly affected by their psyche so purchase decision are driven by psyche of a person. However, the modern scenario has changed where big data can be used to identify the pattern in the buying behaviour and can be used to predict the possible behaviour of different consumers. As stated by Parment, (2013), the models of consumer behaviour are perceived as portrayal of incomplete human beings and these models are appropriate of different situations in the market. The models of consumer behaviour provide knowledge about the different aspect of purchasing decision. The four models of identifying the behaviour are Pavlovian learning model, Marshallian economic Model, Veblenian social-psychological model and Freudian psychoanalytical model. However, in this present study, the contrasting nature of Pavlovian learning model and Marshallian economic Model. The Marshallian economic model The Marshallian model states that the customers will buy the products that will provide them with maximum amount of satisfaction based on the relative price of the products and personal preferences. As stated by Boland, (2014), self-interest is the motivating factor for defining the respective actions of human beings. On the other hand, Sunley and Martin, (2017) states, that all actions taken by consumers are contemplated as they are taken by evaluating the pain and pleasure of making each of the decisions. Alfred Marshall was the pioneer of this economic model; he consolidated the neo classical and classical tradition which was aimed at realism in economics. This examined the impact of change on a single variable by keeping the other variables constant such as price. The assumptions made in such methods are simplified. In order to reach the highest level of realism, the provisional assumptions are examined to identify the consequences and made modifications to the assumptions. The m odern utility theory has been used to modify the assumptions and methods of the Marshallian theory. The theory states that utility is maximized by evaluating the felicific impact of the purchases. This theory is developed based on the economic aspect of the study but its implication in marketing applications is path breaking. There are different points of views in analyzing the rationale of behavioural science in identifying the value of the model. One of the views of this model is that the model is tautological which means that it is neither false nor true (Thrift Amin, 2017). This model is not informative as it only portrays the behaviour of the buyer acting in their self interest. Another view of the model provides the consumers with the logical norms necessary to be rational. The inference drawn from this is that the model is a normative model rather than being a descriptive model. The consumers will not perform economic analysis for their respective purchases and consumers are selective in choosing the economic theory. Therefore, the consumers will not use the principles of economics in choosing between different products having low cost. However, the consumers are expec ted to make an economic analysis to make a choice of high price products such as a car and a house. The next view suggest that complete description of consumer buying behaviour should include economic factors as economic factor operates in smaller or greater extent in all the sectors. The Marshallian model has proposed a few hypotheses which state that the sales of a product will be greater if the price of the product is low (Cahuc, Carcillo Zylberberg, 2014). The second hypothesis states that if the price of the substitute product is less than the price of the actual product then this will result in increase of the sales of the substitute product. The next hypothesis states that if the product is not inferior to the other products in the market, the sales will be higher considering the fact that the real income of the consumers are higher. The final hypothesis states that with increase in cost of promotion, there will be significant increase in the sales volumes. The above-mentioned hypothesis describes the average effect of the economic factor on the consumers and it has not made any attempt to classify all the individuals in order by calculating the economic influence on the purchase decision (Bs, 2014). Therefore, it can be seen from the theories of this model that the buying behaviour of the consumers cannot be explained by the economic factor as there are variations in purchasing behaviour due to contrasting situations and market conditions. Moreover, the fundamentals of the developing brand preferences and product preferences are ignored in this theory. This model can be used for evaluating the small portion of the psyche of the consumers. The Pavlovian learning model This is a psychological theory which was developed by a Russian psychologist and then named as the Pavlovian theory of learning. The initial experiment was conducted by ringing a bell every time before providing the dog with the food (Dayan Berridge, 2014). The outcome of the experiment was that the Pavlov was able to induce salivation within the dog just by ringing the bell without any food. Therefore, Pavlov was able to infer that the process of association is responsible of developing learning and the majority of the human behaviour has been similarly conditioned. Similar experiments were carried out by other experimental psychologists which used animals as a subject for the study. The experimental objective was exploration of different phenomenon such as forgetting, ability to discriminate and learning. This led to the development of the stimulus-response model in human behaviour which constitutes four central concepts such as cue, namely drive, reinforcements and response (Craske et al., 2014). According to the Pavlovian theory or it can be also called as classical conditioning; there is a deep connection between a true reflex reaction and stimulus. The central concepts of the Pavlovian theory are described below: Drive: In the learning model of Pavlov, the drive can also be represented as the motives or needs. This implies that human are driven by strong stimuli and it is responsible for activating actions within an individual. The psychologists have distinguished the different types of drives and they are learned and primary psychological drives. The basic individual factors are represented by the primary psychological drives. This will include factors such as thirst, hunger, pain, sex and cold. The learning factors are derived by using social factors such as cooperation, acquisitiveness and fear. Cue: The model states that a drive is general and specific configuration of cues impels the particular response in the study. The weaker stimuli within an individual and the environment are known as Cue. This will determine the place, time and cause of the response from the subject such an advertisement for Soft drink may stimulate a drive of thirst within an individual. The response of the individual will not only depend on the particular cue but will be affected by other cues depending upon the time of day and availability of substitute products suitable for quenching thirst. Response: The configuration to the cues results in reaction known as response and it has to be noted that same configuration of cues will not generate same drive or response within a different individual. The degree of rewarding experience is the reason for gaining same response from the same cues. Reinforcements: A response will be reinforced when the previous experience has been a rewarding experience for the consumer. Therefore, it can be assumed that same sets of response will be developed when cues having same configuration appears. However, this is a learned habit and if it is not reinforced, then there may be chances of extinguishing this habit. This is due to the fact that the strength of the habit decreases due to lack of reinforcements. However, there is basic difference between extinction and forgetting where learned associations become weak due to non use and not due to the deficiency of the reinforcements. The Pavlovian model cannot be considered as the complete representation of the consumer behaviour. This is due to the fact that there is omission of perception, subconscious influences and interpersonal influences. This model contributes to marketing by providing valid insights regarding advertising strategy and consumer behaviour. The model can be useful for the marketer when they are introducing a new brand into a highly competitive sector. The organizations will able to develop new attributes for the new brand by extinguishing the existing brand habits (Rescorla, 2014). However, the major challenge that the organizations will face is pursuing the consumers to try out the new brand by choosing between using weak and strong cues. A strong cue will consist of providing sample products to the loyal consumers which is an expensive option. However, it is the most effective and desired approach to target consumers that are loyal to the organization. The reinforcement components in the mo del will have to be acknowledged so that sufficient quality can be put into the brand to invoke positive experience. Moreover, it is essential to evaluate the most effective cues used by the leading brand in the global market. Advertising strategy is the second area where the Pavlovian Model can be used to gain insights and guidance. The model puts emphasis on using repetitive advertising strategy as single exposure will prove to be a weak cue. This will be unable to arouse sufficient consciousness within an individual to inspire their internal drive to make the purchase (Li McNally, 2014). There are two desirable effects to repetitive advertising where repetition is used to combat with forgetting and providing reinforcements due to the selective exposure of the consumers to advertisements after the product purchase. The model values provide guidance in marketing and advertising by highlighting valid insights about the various driving factors for the consumers. According to this theory, the organizations should identify the effective driving factors for the consumers so that they can pursue to the consumers to make purchase. Contrast between two different models As stated by Baumeister et al., (2017), the economic model and the learning model have been developed based different principles and none of the models have been able to completely describe the buying behaviour of the consumers. The economic model is based on the concept of marginal utility where the consumer will buy a product having certain sum of money if the product will yield maximum amount of benefit. On the other hand, the learning model is based on the ability of the consumers to forget, learn and discriminate where the organization can invoke a drive within them by using driving factors that will have different response on the stimuli of the consumers. Mandel et al., (2017) opined that economic model has examined and explained the buying behaviour of the consumers form the economic perspective where the consumers are judged based on their value seeking ability. Therefore, according to the economic model the economic trends will have a deep impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers. Moreover, the buying pattern of the consumers are affected by the surrounding environment. However, this model has not taken into account the irrationality of the consumers. The consumers are not rational all the time and thats why the consumers do not always go for the products with the maximum value. There are multiple occasions where the consumers defy the economic model and its principles. The learning model comes into play at such conditions, the learning is a psychological model which is based on the psyche of the consumers. Therefore, consumers can be made to learn behaviours which will drive them to buy particular product (Rezvani, Jansson Bengtsson, 2017). Reinforcing the consumers with driving factors is an effective way of driving the sales of an organization. However, this model is incomplete where learning is not the only condition in the buying process. Therefore, the decision making of the consumers are other determinants. The model has taken into consideration other determinants such as personality, perception, attitudes and group influences. Therefore, both these models explained in the study are incomplete and none of them can completely describe the buying behaviour of the consumers. These two models are contrasting as one assumes that consumers are rational where the other model assumes that consumers learn from themselves and others. Therefore, according to the economic model, the consumers should be provided with value propositions. Moreover, the different promotional and sales schemes will have a deep impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers based on this model (Lang Rettenmeier, 2017). On the contrary, the consumers will buy rewarding products and the products should have positive reinforcements. Therefore, strategies like product demonstration, free trails, sales and testing of the products will have a different impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers. however, when we analyse the suggested strategies it can be seen that these strategies have been used by different companies in different sectors. Therefore, it can be said that the industry characteristics and the product specifications are also important factors in deciding the accurate model to be used. The marketing measures are used by different companies based on their strategic goal so it can be said that these models are still very much effective. Therefore, there are companies that choose competitive pricing as a strategy to gain competitive advantage in the market. These strategies are effectively used by the companies in a saturated market for example, the companies in the United Kingdom retail industry. The companies in the retail sector in the United Kingdom compete by developing competitive pricing due to the intense competition and the consumers have extremely sensitive to price. Therefore, the organizations use sales promotions and discounts to increase their short-term sales. However, this strategy cannot be used on along term basis as it is impossible for companies to provide discounts and sales throughout the year. On the other hand, the psychological model is more suitable for the companies in the automobile industry. This is because of the fact that the companies f ocus on the usage of the product and the level of satisfaction of the consumers. This can also be applicable to the fashion industry where testing and trails are common phenomenon for the consumers. This is because of the reinforcements can be easily done by providing trails of the latest products. These will enable to create a learning with the consumers. Therefore, this enable to influence the driving factors within the customers. Therefore, the companies trying to gain loyal consumers use price sensitive strategies and develop value propositions among consumers that are more rational. On the other hand, the companies will be focusing on personal experience to consumers in such markets where the satisfaction level of the consumers are the main factor for retaining the consumers. In the context of the modern business scenario, with the advent of big data and statistical tools it is easier to identify the behaviour of the consumers. The trends in the buying behaviour of the consumers can be used by the companies to develop effective strategy based on the model they have developed. Therefore, differentiating between rational consumers and the consumers looking for personal experience will have to be evaluated and identified in order to maintain sustainability and gain competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the report that the two models of consumer behaviour are incomplete models but they have a practical implication in marketing where the companies in the market can analyse the consumers to develop effective marketing strategies which will be able to grab the attention of the majority of the target consumers in the market. Moreover, economic model focuses on utility while the learning model focuses on reinforcements. However, both these models are significantly important if used effectively by the companies. References Baumeister, R. F., Clark, C. J., Kim, J., Lau, S. (2017). Consumers (and Consumer Researchers) Need Conscious Thinking in Addition to Unconscious Processes: A Call for Integrative Models, A Commentary on Williams and Poehlman.Journal of Consumer Research,44(2), 252-257. Boland, L. A. (2014).The Methodology of Economic Model Building (Routledge Revivals): Methodology After Samuelson. Routledge. Bs, D. (2014).Public enterprise economics: theory and application(Vol. 23). Elsevier. Cahuc, P., Carcillo, S., Zylberberg, A. (2014).Labor economics. MIT press. Craske, M. G., Treanor, M., Conway, C. C., Zbozinek, T., Vervliet, B. (2014). Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach.Behaviour research and therapy,58, 10-23. Dayan, P., Berridge, K. C. (2014). Model-based and model-free Pavlovian reward learning: revaluation, revision, and revelation.Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral Neuroscience,14(2), 473-492. East, R., Singh, J., Wright, M., Vanhuele, M. (2016).Consumer behaviour: Applications in marketing. Sage. Foxall, G. (2014).Consumer Behaviour (RLE Consumer Behaviour): A Practical Guide. Routledge. Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., Hobman, E. V. (2015). Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 1385-1394. Frederiks, E. R., Stenner, K., Hobman, E. V. (2015). Household energy use: Applying behavioural economics to understand consumer decision-making and behaviour.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 1385-1394. Horner, S., Swarbrooke, J. (2016).Consumer behaviour in tourism. Routledge. Lang, T., Rettenmeier, M. (2017). Understanding Consumer Behavior with Recurrent Neural Networks. InProceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Machine Learning Methods for Recommender Systems. https://mlrec. org/2017/papers/paper2. pdf. Li, S. S. Y., McNally, G. P. (2014). The conditions that promote fear learning: prediction error and Pavlovian fear conditioning.Neurobiology of learning and memory,108, 14-21. Mandel, N., Rucker, D. D., Levav, J., Galinsky, A. D. (2017). The Compensatory Consumer Behavior Model: How self?discrepancies drive consumer behavior.Journal of Consumer Psychology,27(1), 133-146. Parment, A. (2013). Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing.Journal of retailing and consumer services,20(2), 189-199. Rescorla, R. A. (2014).Pavlovian Second-Order Conditioning (Psychology Revivals): Studies in Associative Learning. Psychology Press. Rezvani, Z., Jansson, J., Bengtsson, M. (2017). Cause I'll Feel Good! An Investigation into the Effects of Anticipated Emotions and Personal Moral Norms on Consumer Pro-Environmental Behavior.Journal of Promotion Management,23(1), 163-183. Siegel, E. (2016).Predictive analytics: The power to predict who will click, buy, lie, or die. John Wiley Sons Incorporated. Sunley, P., Martin, R. (2017). Paul Krugmans geographical economics and its implications for regional development theory: a critical assessment. InEconomy(pp. 25-58). Routledge. Thrift, N., Amin, A. (2017). Neo-Marshallian nodes in global networks. InEconomy(pp. 159-175). Routledge.