Feminine Psyche in The Odyssey Essay -- The Odyssey Feminine Psyche Es

Feminine Psyche in The Odyssey The Odyssey has much to teach us about the feminine psyche. The feminine psyche is the way that the female mind and soul react to and process situations. Females are generally faithful, giving, and respectful to their mates. We have an insight into the feminine psyche in several things that Penelope does. The weaving and unweaving of the shroud and the test of the bed are two examples of the way Penelope thinks. She does what is thought to be her duty to her husband to resist the suitors and remain faithful and loyal to her husband. Homer reveals the feminine psyche in Penelope, a loving and faithful wife to Odysseus. She was loyal to Odysseus the entire time he was away on his journey, and even when it appeared that he would not return she still had faith that he would. Penelope resisted the advances of the suitors because she loved Odysseus and could not see herself with another when he could still be alive. She was smart and cunning when it came to resisting the suitors. Penelope shows us an insight to the feminine psyche when we learn she has avoided having to choose a new husband by telling the suitors she would choose a one of them once she finished the shroud she was weaving for Odysseus’ father. Penelope worked all day on the shroud and would unravel the weaving by candlelight at night while the suitors slept. This shows her dedication to Odysseus and that she does not want to tell the suitors no and be disrespectful to her ...

Barbara and Electra Case Study

Question(1):How might top management have done a better job changing Elektra Products into a new kind of organization? What might they do now to get the empowerment process back on track? Analysis of the case study Main issues – 1. Declining of Market shares 2. Few new product ideas or far between 3. Poor staff relationship 4. Low staff morale Weaknesses- 1. approach in change management 2. Organizational culture 3. creating problem solving team 4. the process of employee involvement and empowerment 5. the facilitation by Martin GriffinThe attempt to do staff empowerment is a nice try but it alone is not the complete solution for the root cause of the problems. In order to reach to the solution of all these issues, they have to find out what are the underlying causes of these issues. The newly hired Martin Griffin mentioned in the opening speech that â€Å"As we face increasing competition, we need new ideas, new energy and new spirit to make this company great. And the sourc e for this change is you—each one of you. † Though he mentioned that each of the staff is important, he failed to allow everyone actively participates and play important role in the program.He neglected the importance of each and everyone’s contribution and effort to the program. He should have made understand what does it means by employee involvement and empowerment; how it will help the company solves the issues and, the ways to do and requirements for the staff involvement and empowerment program. It was worsen when the main facilitator, Martin Griffin, had excused from the session at the time Barbara and team enthusiastically presented their innovative ideas to department heads. The facilitator also fails to aim what kind of outputs he expects at the end of the session.For the successful empowerment program, the organization structure and its enabling environment is very critical. Trust building is very important part of the program especially in this situat ion where staff relationship and morale is poor. It is not only important for the top management level but also the department heads or managers from all other departments are important to accept the concept of staff involvement and empowerment. As the company is on its way of changing to a new era, every staff will have different perspective of interest on how it will affect their current roles, responsibilities and job security.All of which are worth to take in consideration in managing the change process. The managers are not so sure why they require these changes as they have been doing well in the past and they believe they can do it again. On the other hand, every staff has a different management theory and surely they are not on the same page with other management staff or with the company’s current management. It is quite critical to ensure that every management staff equipped with relevant knowledge and skills that will contribute the company’s strategic goals .The staff must have a common understanding of the organizational value, culture, strategic goals and how the empowerment process will add on the success of the organization. Instead of creating problem solving team with managers selected by top management, allow all managers to voluntarily work as cross-functional teams and come up with innovative ideas and opinions. By doing so, each team will have a representative from each specialized departments who has his or her own perspective and issue on the ideas.Contribution from different expertise and background will provide the ideas reach wider scope and reality. Then, each team should discuss the ideas with other teams which may require some modification and negotiation process. If everyone satisfies with the ideas, the staff involvement will be improved and the ideas will become action. It is natural that someone could resist the ideas or changes made by others. But if they are put in a position to be part of a cross-functional tea m that needs to come up with an innovative idea, the discussion environment among the team will tend to be more constructive.In addition, since the company is to undergo a big change, the top management should have implemented a good change management strategy and plan. They should also prepare a communication strategy and plan to inform the staff accordingly. So that it will be clear what is going to happen, why, how and who will be responsible in the change process. The communication strategy and plan is also important as the staffs are very concerned with the change and restructuring process.If the staffs are not well communicated about the changes, the restructuring with many rumors will encourage the staff leaving the organization and looking for a new job which will be a lost the trained and skillful human resources of Elektra. Recommendation to top management in changing Elektra to a new kind of organization and to get back empowerment process on track: * Ensure all staff und erstands what are the vision, mission and strategic goals of Elektra. * Recruit or train staff to ensure the organization is equipped with necessary skills for change management. For eg.Hire a skillful and experienced facilitator who can give time and have a sound facilitation plan. A good facilitation plan must aim some specific objectives, processes of facilitation and expected results * Make sure that everyone understand what empowerment is and why it is important and how it will contribute to the vision, mission and long-term strategic goals * Remove the process of selected problem solving team in an attempt to change Elektra and instead make them voluntarily participate in the cross-functional team which includes representative from each department, different backgrounds etc. Facilitate the department heads/managers to address the underlying causes of each problems in their sector from their perspective and reflect their past experiences * Group the causes and brainstorm all th e managers what should they do to reach a solution to these problems so that they understand and practically involve in the change process * Create an organization structure that will encourage enabling environment and culture for the staff so that they can use their abilities and energies which can then lead to job satisfaction, motivation, commitment by employee. Implement a change management strategy and plan that will ensure the process is on track ( what, why, how and by who throughout the change process) and how it will be sustained. * Identify the transformation leadership team to steer the change and operational leadership team to manage the day-to-day deliverables. * Set a time frame for the change process to reach its goal as to ensure the urgency of the change and effectively response to the continuously evolving environment and available opportunities. * Make your strategy and plan be flexible, daptable, acceptable by all stakeholders and suitable for your company and op erational environment so that the plan will be realistically implemented. * Implement a communication strategy and plan to ensure staff received relevant information with regards to the changes which will reflect their interests. * Ensure that the road map and milestones are carefully prioritize and aligned to reach strategic goals so that the manager can monitor and manage the success or failure in each step towards the strategic goals. Set your operating values in trying to achieve the goals that employee understand what the organization expect and values what kinds of behavior and attitude. * Organize programs and trainings that could enhance the leadership, shared value, cooperate culture and trust building * Build capacity of the staff to gain necessary skills and knowledge in implementing staff involvement and empowerment program Questions (2): Can you think of ways Barbara could have avoided the problems her team faced in the meeting with department heads?The problems with th e department heads are due to the lack of cross-functional contribution, communication, mind-set, role and planning. It could be possible for Barbara to handle the situation by; Barbara and her team should have considered the impact of their ideas and possible response by concerned departments. If Barbara has carefully analyzed what could be the challenges of their ideas, she would have prepared for a back-up or contingency plan to negotiate the departmental heads. By this way her team will have full confident on their own ideas and the department heads will feel confident that the plan was crafted carefully.Barbara should open her mind by accepting for their active feedback with thanks as this is a good opportunity to turn the different department heads in the process. She should have faced the resistance and brought up the concern from each department heads. So that and she can start a cross-functional team to brainstorm the more realistic ideas looking from different perspective. Barbara should explain that the ideas shared by her team are only part of the solution to these problems within their scope and the team requires feedback and opinion in a wider scope from other departments.And before Martin Griffin leaves the workshop, she has to confirm with him that when will be the next workshop to hear feedback from Martin griffin about her team’s presentation. So that when the department heads resist and debate on the new ideas, she can note down the issues raised and let that the feedback from the department heads will be thoroughly discussed in next workshop. By doing so, the department heads will feel they also have a role in the process and Barbara got time to do a plan and consider possible solution to the issues so as to move forward the process.Questions (3): If you were Barbara Russell, what would you do now? Why? If I were Barbara Russell, I will work out to keep motivate my team. I will appreciate the team for their effort and contribution to ward the company. I will make sure the team understands that for our ideas to be stronger, more realistic and practical for all of us, we need to look our ideas from various aspects as we have experienced that various departments have their own issues on our ideas.So, in order to successfully implement our ideas, we need collaboration and commitment from all other departments that we must find ways to solve the concerns of other departments. As working within our own team will limit our expertise and other resources, we require contribution of expertise from different sectors. We must find out a way to get support and collaboration from different departments. I will encourage my team to revisit our ideas, gather information from all departments, try to open our mind to accept, and respect the others’ perspective and ideas.I will discuss with Top management and Martin griffin about our team’s ideas, several issues raised by the department heads. I will reflect my experi ence during the presentation of our team’s ideas, expectation of other staff, feeling and concerns of other departments. I will discuss ways to allow all departments to work together as a whole and discuss what specific strategy and plan should we implement to manage the change process to ensure achievement of our strategic goals.

How Popular Culture Affected Contemporary Christian and Worship Music - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2169 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Pop Culture Essay Did you like this example? It is important to note that Contemporary Worship Music (CWM) is often seen as a sub-genre of Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) however both intertwine and throughout history have developed along a similar path. Popular Culture’s influence on both types of music can be grouped together because artists can be easily found to cover both of these genres. Only in the last few decades has CCM and CWM become a world wide industry. Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) is a genre which is constantly changing and adapting its sound and approach to the music industry. Sounds adopted from Popular Music In the 1950’s and 1960’s, white evangelical leaders condemned rock and roll music. If one jumps 50 years later the CCM industry is a multi-million pound industry which is still growing to this day. It is important to add that this isn’t the first dramatic change in approach in the 20th century. Black Christians in America had a development in the earlier decades of the 20th century with the growing influence of popular culture on their worship. Afro-Pentecostalism incorporated European hymnody, black spirituals, blues and jazz. Afro-Pentecostal artists were at the forefront of establishing and advancing what is now black gospel music. This immersion of black gospel music acted as a precursor for what was about to happen with Christian Worship Music. In the 1980’s the Vineyard Fellowship, led by John Wimber began worshipping with influences from rock music and the worship band would use standard rock instruments as their basic set-up during times of worship . By the late 1980’s and early 1990’s this musical format began spreading across America and later on across the world. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Popular Culture Affected Contemporary Christian and Worship Music" essay for you Create order In his dissertation on the history of christian worship music in modern america, Wen Reagan states that the answer to how rock music made its way from being condemned to an intrical part of CCM and to church services is based around five different categories: ‘historical, demographic, theological, economic, and technological’. The Jesus People Movement in the 60’s was countercultural to the hippie movement and were reaching out to hippies who brought their guitars along to services and after they had established this, young people began writing new songs for the church with their influence of rock music. Reagan also states that ‘The emphasis lay on the exciting freshness of new songs and the belief that God was providing a new message through the music.’ This ‘freshness’ was attractive and even the evangelicals who had condemned rock music were softening their views when they saw this vibrant new music emerging. In the 1980’s as th e Vineyard Fellowship, led by John Wimber, emerged ‘Songs had no set ending and could be adapted to respond to the energy of the congregation and the cadence of the pastor.’ In the 1990’s, Record Labels and distribution companies, specific to CCM, began to pop up and by the 2000’s Christian music began to move into arenas and much larger venues. ‘The import of contemporary musical forms into the church has challenged the sermons preeminence in the liturgy as congregants are drawn to the affective power of rock music (contemporary worship music), its ability to create a powerful, emotional experience of quiet intimacy or loud, celebratory joy with God.’ Wen Reagan. The Vineyard Fellowship pioneered the growth and development of worship music, as it became such an important part of not only church services but of people’s daily lives. Their music was very simple and this was because the simpler the song, the more the congregation could engage and proclaim the words as truth. Music became a tool to lead people into intimacy with God. Travis Reginald Joseph Doucette writes in his thesis for Senior Honours that ‘In an effort to reach lost people and speak in relevant musical language, modern worship music found a home in churches embracing charismatic theology.’ Doucette explains it well with the phrase ‘relevant musical language’. Worship isn’t supposed to be something confusing and hard to listen or sing along to. It is supposed to be accessible for anyone to engage in worship. Sociological situations in the 60’s and 70’s The 1960’s and 1970’s were a time of massive social change which dramatically affected popular culture and the music industry and these two decades were home to many new genres. The counterculture in the 1960’s is difficult to break up into sections because the project aim for many people, involved in the re-shape of culture, was to merge politics, society and culture together. George McKay, in his book on the social and countercultural 1960’s in the USA, talks of radical culture and lists the things involved in the huge change of the 1960’s. ‘music, ways of living, youth and other social movements,’ The younger generation pioneered lots of the changes in society through protesting and there seemed to be a generation gap growing. The emergence of a drug culture played a part in the rise of the hippie movement. The hippie movement were also drawn to meditation, the occult and Native American spirituality and incorporated that into their lives. The movement however faced problems including overcrowding, crime and sexually transmitted diseases. A new wave of hippies began to pop up called ‘Jesus-Freak’ evangelists who encouraged people to follow Jesus Christ and forsake drugs and promiscuous sex. After integrating with a local baptist church, Ted Wise and other ‘Jesus-Freaks’ started a movement of people called ‘Street Christians’ with Pastor John MacDonald who created a coffeehouse called ‘The Living Room’ to help Hippies who were becoming homeless, hungry and sick. As this was going on in the late 1960’s others in the same area, near Haight-Ashbury where the hippies were pouring into, were beginning to preach on the streets. This grew at a rapid pace and by 1969, the interaction between hippie christians and evangelicals was happening all over the United States. The youth were drawn towards the Jesus People because they were very enthusiastic about the use of folk, rock and pop music. This was not the case in terms of the traditional church. In Fact the traditional church frowned upon the use of popular music and the integration of popular cultu re and Christianity. By the late 1970’s the Jesus People movement died down as that generation got older and ran out of steam but effect of the movement was enormous in terms of Christian music and the development of the evangelical church. The movement changed evangelical Christians attitude towards popular culture and the up-beat and rock influence of the Jesus people practically created the Contemporary Christian Music industry. As the years rolled on hymns, choirs and organs were replaced by worship bands and electric guitars. The Vineyard Denomination trace their roots back to the Jesus People movement. The Vineyard Denomination now have over 2,500 churches in six continents. During the 1960’s and progressing into the 1970’s there were numerous campaigns for civil rights, womens rights and gay rights. Small peace movements were energised by social activists and these small groups of students or activist grew into national marches, international campaigning, teach-ins on campus and many other large protests. The cold war, the Vietnam war and other political conflicts led to separation globally and at points things seemed hopeless. Lots of the push for social change came from the younger generation and American youth played a key role in the political protests if this era. The 1960’s and 70’s were a scary time for people in terms of politics and conflict. Along with protesting, people wanted to find an escape or a way out from the fears of the times which led to the youth experimenting with drugs and sex and other methods. This is where popular culture drastically changed and where evangelicals adapted, not because they were being changed by popular culture, but because they wanted to reach out to people who were surrounded by popular culture. One of the main ways the church did this was through music. This is why modern worship music and CCM can be so closely linked to popular music and rock music. Lyrical Content of Contemporary Christian and Worship Music It is important to remember CCM’s significance and individuality in the world of music. Where most art forms are marketed as a product, CCM is all about it being an activity something to join in with. Worship music is often portrayed as a congregational music and that the band who is leading the congregation is not performing but worshiping Jesus Christ. Obviously as popular culture progressed from the 1960’s so did worship music and Contemporary Christian Music. There are similarities in the lyrical content that run throughout the development of CCM and CWM however there are also many differences that can tie into the development of popular music but also relate to the decade of which any particular worship songs was written. The exception being hymns, that many contemporary christian bands and artists occasionally play during a time of worship. Even though there has been a massive development of the lyrical content in CCM in the last 60 years there is an overall residing theme that ties all of the music together. The word of God, The Holy Bible, is and will always be closely linked to Christian music. However CWM is a lot more lyrically based on the scriptures than CCM. Some Christians argue that CCM is so subtle that sometimes you cannot tell the difference between CCM songs and secular songs. For example, Todd Friel, a presenter on Wretched Radio, posted a video on youtube titled ‘Of course Ellen loves Lauren Daigle’. In this 11 minute long opinion piece he shared his views on, what was at the time, one of the top celebrity stories. Lauren Daigle, a CCM artist, topped the secular and Christian charts in the US in 2018 and appeared on the Ellen Show and sang one of her songs from her latest album. Ellen De Generes, the show host, praised the song by Daigle and Todd Friel argued that the reason Ellen loved the song so much, and allowed Lauren to perform on her show, was because the words were â€Å"written in such a way that the lyrics can’t be offensive† and he suggested that â€Å"no Christian can ever be fed by it† because of the lack of â€Å"robust theology†. This is a very one sided view as Friel misses a lot of details about Lauren Daigle and her performance. Many CCM artists write lyrics that don’t directly mention the words Jesus, God or Holy Spirit but are written in a way that reflects their personal journey with Jesus or that talks about the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. This makes the music a lot more accessible to secular audiences and also allows artists, such as Lauren Daigle, to perform at secular events and shows. The main point that Todd Friel missed is that CCM isn’t supposed to be just for Christians but is in fact a method of outreach and spreading the Good News of Jesus Christ. Another incredible band, who write lyrics about God that secular audiences love singing along to, are Skillet. A Christian heavy rock band. They play at so many secular festivals and have a large following of secular audiences. Their songs such as Feel Invincible, Monster and Undefeated are all very popular and the lyrics are really powerful, written so that you wouldn’t realise they were singing about Jesus unless you thought about the lyrics and what they are trying to say in their songs. Contemporary Worship Music is seen as a lot more theological and is used more in church settings than outreach settings. The lyrics are insync with the scriptures and are often songs of praise, thankfulness, invitation, expectancy and surrender. Also, CWM is a lyrically based music because it is through the words that the congregation come together and worship the living God. Worship is also sometimes called sung prayer because it is praying to God through singing. During worship, followers of Jesus have deep encounters with the Holy Spirit where there is healing spiritually, physically, mentally and emotionally and Christians believe that worship has the power to change things in their lives and in the lives of every single person who gives their life to Jesus and has a relationship with him. Christianity is not a religion, it is a relationship with the living God. Popular culture and popular music’s influence on Contemporary Christian and Worship Music has changed the approach to evangelism and sharing the gospel, the Good News of Jesus Christ. The change in the sound and approach to worship music made worshipping Jesus more accessible and more congregational. CCM and CWM are now two world wide industries that are growing and becoming more widely accepted among the global church and secular audiences. Closing this piece will be a quote from John Wimber, the founder of the Vineyard Movement. â€Å"Show me where you spend your time, money and energy and Ill tell you what you worship.†

As I Lay Dying By William Faulkner - 1202 Words

Nicole Beatrice March 25th, 2015 As I Lay Dying The main theme in As I Lay Dying by William Faulkner is family. It is not a pleasant topic throughout the book. Poor or no communication creates intense barriers of misunderstanding and resentment between family member, but not particularly siblings who are rivals for their mother’s love. The family from the beginning isn t based off love because of the sort of arranged marriage of Anse and Addie Bundren. Most of the explaining of the families dynamic is all explained in Addies one and only chapter. To begin with she wasn’t a fit person to become a mother as she explained that as a school teacher she found joy in whipping her students. She says that her and Anse married because she had†¦show more content†¦According to the other narrators he was an extremely lazy man who had everyone else do his work for him. He says that if he sweats he will die so his family members and neighbors. For example when the coffin fell into the river it was Cash and Jewel near death while Anse sat off to the side and watched them struggle. Same for the when the burn was on fire Jewel was the one who ran in to get the coffin. Anse is religious just like their neighbor, Cora, he tries to justify his laziness by saying that God didn’t intend men to move so much and if he did he would have built them differently. Along with being lazy he is very cheap. He didn’t want to call the family doctor, Peabody, because he didn’t pay for it and same for when Cash broke his leg he would have rather pour cement on his leg rather than taking his to the doctor. And on top of being both cheap and lazy hes selfishness. He repeatedly puts his needs before his childrens. Like when he sold Jewel’s horse and Cash’s graphophone, even Dewey Dell’s abortion. Throughout the book we guess that the reason Anse is really taking Addie to Jefferson is so he can get his new teeth that he has been wanting since the beginning. The oldest child is Cash Bundren. He is very appreciated throughout the book and he is also ignored. The way that Cash shows love to his mother throughout the book is by creating a perfect coffin as a final gift to her. We can tell that Cash is a perfectionist every time he would

Ethical Values And Moral Values - 1192 Words

Ethics in a sense is everything we hold dear to us, meaning our moral values. The development of figuring out what is important to us requires intellectual and critical evaluation. By not developing ones own moral values, you are simply taking the route of taking the moral beliefs given to you by your family or society. You’re accepting them because its easier than questioning them. However, this has its setbacks, by choosing not to do ethics you are essentially undermining your own personal freedom of choice. By accepting beliefs of your culture without question, then those viewpoints are not truly yours. Another setback to not asking questions is that your reasons or responses will be lacking understanding. Moral principles are might be absolute or might not, even so we apply them to situations may be different and require you to evaluate the situation at hand, which is hard to do if you’ve never taken the time to do so before. The third importance is that without t aking the time to question and make your own moral code, you then in turn lose intellectual growth. You do not gain new understandings of the ever-changing world around you; you become stuck in a stagnant world, which is not reality. I think this class will help me look at moral judgments in a more logical and ethical way. I have already realized from this class that I have based my ethical decisions on my emotion and the way I feel which is only one form of ethics. This class will go over various theories toShow MoreRelatedMoral Values And Ethical Values941 Words   |  4 PagesMoral values and some profound qualities are the conviction or distinguish factor that certain practices are either great or terrible. A few ethics are not difficult to acknowledge and just the edges of social order may address or reject them. It is sheltered to expect that the moralities in human culture are intrinsic and inward inside us. 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The Diagnostic and Statistical Free Essays

People have their own personal faith and belief. Our cultural and parental upbringing influence our life’s principles and beliefs. We may encounter differences with other people based on views and perception on things. We will write a custom essay sample on The Diagnostic and Statistical or any similar topic only for you Order Now And these differences among people comprise the earth’s diversity. There are people who are intolerant of other’s opinion and prejudice. They are also raged by other people belonging from a different race or ethnic background (â€Å"Bigot†). They may also feel outraged by other’s lifestyle and identities that are different from their own. Bigotry is the characteristic and attitude of a bigot. It is the corresponding mindset of people who are extremely judgmental other people. Bigot is a term used in describing people who are firmly devoted in their prejudices, especially when their views are threatened or challenged. It is used to refer to people who hold blindly and intolerantly of their personal creed, opinion and belief (Adamson 200). Bigot is often mistaken by people as prejudice. Most people are confused between the two words. Prejudice happens when we tend to easily judge someone or something based solely on our personal opinion or attitude. Prejudice is also a learned behavior. We are taught of what to think about people of different gender, race and disability. It is influenced by our parents and neighborhood. Bigotry is hate. It is a form of prejudice carried to an extreme manner (Martin 149). There are various kinds of bigotry such as religious, racial, political, national and cultural bigotry. Bigotry is most likely seen in aspects of religious and political field. Many people hold fanaticism in their religious and political views. Individuals and groups tend to be blindly deluded by the belief that their religion, race, political party, nation and culture are more superior than the others. Such beliefs made them blindly and intolerant of others (Adamson 200). Based on the canonical definition of psychopathology, it seems to apply on visceral bigotry. Bigotry is not considered as a sickness but it can be regarded as a dysfunction based on some influential definitions of psychopathology. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders define mental disorders based on distress, disability and increase in harmful effects. Alvin Poussaint, a Harvard psychiatrist, believes that bigotry fits the definition and advocates in putting it on the list. Bigotry may be a dysfunction in responding to large segments of humanity. It may constitute impairment in responding healthy and responsible ways toward the targeted groups because of irrational hatred and contempt and other negative attitudes (Martin 130). If a person professes negative remarks blaming single mothers on the impairments of the society, it may be a form of bigotry. This may be under sexism or the belief that one judged the other based on their sex or gender and not through their capability as an individual. They believe that one sex is superior than the other. This is evident in the workplace environment where performance and capabilities are judged based on sex rather than having better qualifications. Sexism may also happen at home, school and society or community (â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†). In the case of having blamed the single mothers for the social ills in the society implies many unverified perceptions toward our women, specifically our single mothers. Single mothers refer to women raising their children in the absence of the father or their husband. Being a single mother is never an easy task. They take on many difficulties in trying to raise their children while earning for a living. Single mothers do not have the aid of their husband either partially or totally. This may cause difficulty in their part. Bigots toward them may blame them for taking part on the national aid extended by the social welfare department. The government extends financial aid on poor families with unemployed head of the family. There are also shelters that welcome homeless individuals. Sexists may blame the single mothers for their incapability to find decent jobs and provide the needs of the children. They may also blame the single mothers if their children turned nuisance to society. The delinquency of the children is blamed on their mothers for their incapability to rear them appropriately to become good citizens of the society. If their children become problems of the society, mothers are on the line questioning their eligibility and capability as a mother. It does not question the single fathers trying to raise their children and earn a living at the same time assuming that single fathers can perform the two tasks flawlessly at the same time. This may be viewed as a bias for some women, who may do better than some single fathers. Some single fathers also may be involved in neglecting their children or other types of child maltreatment. It may be a form of bigotry for it generalized single mothers as the culprit of social ills in the society. Being a sexist undermines the qualifications and abilities of people belonging on the other sex to take on a job or task. A sexist may view their sex as superior to others. They may view the other sex as inferior to them and not at their level. Viewing one sex as superior to other creates biases and prejudice toward the views on sex. Bigotry is involved when there is an extreme prejudice, hatred and contempt towards the other sex. Works Cited Adamson, Joseph J. What the World is Coming To?. Lincoln, NE: I Universe, Inc. , 2004. â€Å"Bigot†. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. 26 January 2009 http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/bigot. â€Å"Forms of Bigotry†. articleworld. org. 24 January 2006. 26 January 2009 http://www. articleworld. org/index. php/Bigotry. Martin, Mike W. From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc. , 2006. Martin, Renee J. Practicing What We Teach: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education. Albany, New York: State University of New York, 1995. How to cite The Diagnostic and Statistical, Papers

Marketing Management & Research for Price and Specification

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Management Research for Price and Specification. Answer: Introduction As stated by East et al., (2016), the modern business organizations have become more and more consumer oriented. The behaviour of the consumers is changing regularly so it is essential for the organizations to evaluate the needs and wants of the consumers. However, the initial focus of the study has to be on basic human behaviour as consumer behaviour is a subset of the overall behaviour of human beings. Horner and Swarbrooke, (2016) defines consumer buying behaviour is the process of deciding product, place, time, price and specification before making a purchase decision. On the other hand, Frederiks, Stenner and Hobman, (2015) defines consumer behaviour as the behaviour where the consumer goes through different phases such as searching, buying, using, examining and disposing of services, ideas and products. This definition can be elaborated by stating that consumer behaviour is the study of evaluating the behaviour of the consumers spending their resources on making purchase decisions. Consumers can be distinguished in two types, one is organizational and other is personal consumer. Personal consumers purchase the products for household purposes and organizational consumers purchase products for their respective organizations. However, this study will strictly focus on the personal consumers and their respective buying behaviours. Consumer behaviour is one of the recent topics of discussion when compared to the other aspect of marketing. As stated by Foxall, (2014), the concepts of consumer behaviour are borrowed from scientific disciplines of different subjects such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics and social psychology. The development of marketing concept increased the significance of consumer behaviour in the modern theories of marketing. Marketing concept stated that it is essential for the organization to identify the needs and wants of the consumers in order to support their marketing plan which should be based on the emerging needs of the consumers. The market was focused on production in the initial phases of the 19th century which led the orientation to be towards the production. However, with the advent of marketing orientation, the concept of consumer behaviour was widely to gain competitive advantage in the market. Frederiks, Stenner and Hobman, (2015) stated that the sales and pr ofit of any firm is dependent on the buying behaviour of the consumers. Therefore, different models of human behaviour were developed to predict the buying behaviour of the consumers. Different models of consumer buying behaviour According to Siegel, (2016), identification of the different aspects of consumer behaviour is quite tough as the consumers are influenced by varying factors. The human beings are greatly affected by their psyche so purchase decision are driven by psyche of a person. However, the modern scenario has changed where big data can be used to identify the pattern in the buying behaviour and can be used to predict the possible behaviour of different consumers. As stated by Parment, (2013), the models of consumer behaviour are perceived as portrayal of incomplete human beings and these models are appropriate of different situations in the market. The models of consumer behaviour provide knowledge about the different aspect of purchasing decision. The four models of identifying the behaviour are Pavlovian learning model, Marshallian economic Model, Veblenian social-psychological model and Freudian psychoanalytical model. However, in this present study, the contrasting nature of Pavlovian learning model and Marshallian economic Model. The Marshallian economic model The Marshallian model states that the customers will buy the products that will provide them with maximum amount of satisfaction based on the relative price of the products and personal preferences. As stated by Boland, (2014), self-interest is the motivating factor for defining the respective actions of human beings. On the other hand, Sunley and Martin, (2017) states, that all actions taken by consumers are contemplated as they are taken by evaluating the pain and pleasure of making each of the decisions. Alfred Marshall was the pioneer of this economic model; he consolidated the neo classical and classical tradition which was aimed at realism in economics. This examined the impact of change on a single variable by keeping the other variables constant such as price. The assumptions made in such methods are simplified. In order to reach the highest level of realism, the provisional assumptions are examined to identify the consequences and made modifications to the assumptions. The m odern utility theory has been used to modify the assumptions and methods of the Marshallian theory. The theory states that utility is maximized by evaluating the felicific impact of the purchases. This theory is developed based on the economic aspect of the study but its implication in marketing applications is path breaking. There are different points of views in analyzing the rationale of behavioural science in identifying the value of the model. One of the views of this model is that the model is tautological which means that it is neither false nor true (Thrift Amin, 2017). This model is not informative as it only portrays the behaviour of the buyer acting in their self interest. Another view of the model provides the consumers with the logical norms necessary to be rational. The inference drawn from this is that the model is a normative model rather than being a descriptive model. The consumers will not perform economic analysis for their respective purchases and consumers are selective in choosing the economic theory. Therefore, the consumers will not use the principles of economics in choosing between different products having low cost. However, the consumers are expec ted to make an economic analysis to make a choice of high price products such as a car and a house. The next view suggest that complete description of consumer buying behaviour should include economic factors as economic factor operates in smaller or greater extent in all the sectors. The Marshallian model has proposed a few hypotheses which state that the sales of a product will be greater if the price of the product is low (Cahuc, Carcillo Zylberberg, 2014). The second hypothesis states that if the price of the substitute product is less than the price of the actual product then this will result in increase of the sales of the substitute product. The next hypothesis states that if the product is not inferior to the other products in the market, the sales will be higher considering the fact that the real income of the consumers are higher. The final hypothesis states that with increase in cost of promotion, there will be significant increase in the sales volumes. The above-mentioned hypothesis describes the average effect of the economic factor on the consumers and it has not made any attempt to classify all the individuals in order by calculating the economic influence on the purchase decision (Bs, 2014). Therefore, it can be seen from the theories of this model that the buying behaviour of the consumers cannot be explained by the economic factor as there are variations in purchasing behaviour due to contrasting situations and market conditions. Moreover, the fundamentals of the developing brand preferences and product preferences are ignored in this theory. This model can be used for evaluating the small portion of the psyche of the consumers. The Pavlovian learning model This is a psychological theory which was developed by a Russian psychologist and then named as the Pavlovian theory of learning. The initial experiment was conducted by ringing a bell every time before providing the dog with the food (Dayan Berridge, 2014). The outcome of the experiment was that the Pavlov was able to induce salivation within the dog just by ringing the bell without any food. Therefore, Pavlov was able to infer that the process of association is responsible of developing learning and the majority of the human behaviour has been similarly conditioned. Similar experiments were carried out by other experimental psychologists which used animals as a subject for the study. The experimental objective was exploration of different phenomenon such as forgetting, ability to discriminate and learning. This led to the development of the stimulus-response model in human behaviour which constitutes four central concepts such as cue, namely drive, reinforcements and response (Craske et al., 2014). According to the Pavlovian theory or it can be also called as classical conditioning; there is a deep connection between a true reflex reaction and stimulus. The central concepts of the Pavlovian theory are described below: Drive: In the learning model of Pavlov, the drive can also be represented as the motives or needs. This implies that human are driven by strong stimuli and it is responsible for activating actions within an individual. The psychologists have distinguished the different types of drives and they are learned and primary psychological drives. The basic individual factors are represented by the primary psychological drives. This will include factors such as thirst, hunger, pain, sex and cold. The learning factors are derived by using social factors such as cooperation, acquisitiveness and fear. Cue: The model states that a drive is general and specific configuration of cues impels the particular response in the study. The weaker stimuli within an individual and the environment are known as Cue. This will determine the place, time and cause of the response from the subject such an advertisement for Soft drink may stimulate a drive of thirst within an individual. The response of the individual will not only depend on the particular cue but will be affected by other cues depending upon the time of day and availability of substitute products suitable for quenching thirst. Response: The configuration to the cues results in reaction known as response and it has to be noted that same configuration of cues will not generate same drive or response within a different individual. The degree of rewarding experience is the reason for gaining same response from the same cues. Reinforcements: A response will be reinforced when the previous experience has been a rewarding experience for the consumer. Therefore, it can be assumed that same sets of response will be developed when cues having same configuration appears. However, this is a learned habit and if it is not reinforced, then there may be chances of extinguishing this habit. This is due to the fact that the strength of the habit decreases due to lack of reinforcements. However, there is basic difference between extinction and forgetting where learned associations become weak due to non use and not due to the deficiency of the reinforcements. The Pavlovian model cannot be considered as the complete representation of the consumer behaviour. This is due to the fact that there is omission of perception, subconscious influences and interpersonal influences. This model contributes to marketing by providing valid insights regarding advertising strategy and consumer behaviour. The model can be useful for the marketer when they are introducing a new brand into a highly competitive sector. The organizations will able to develop new attributes for the new brand by extinguishing the existing brand habits (Rescorla, 2014). However, the major challenge that the organizations will face is pursuing the consumers to try out the new brand by choosing between using weak and strong cues. A strong cue will consist of providing sample products to the loyal consumers which is an expensive option. However, it is the most effective and desired approach to target consumers that are loyal to the organization. The reinforcement components in the mo del will have to be acknowledged so that sufficient quality can be put into the brand to invoke positive experience. Moreover, it is essential to evaluate the most effective cues used by the leading brand in the global market. Advertising strategy is the second area where the Pavlovian Model can be used to gain insights and guidance. The model puts emphasis on using repetitive advertising strategy as single exposure will prove to be a weak cue. This will be unable to arouse sufficient consciousness within an individual to inspire their internal drive to make the purchase (Li McNally, 2014). There are two desirable effects to repetitive advertising where repetition is used to combat with forgetting and providing reinforcements due to the selective exposure of the consumers to advertisements after the product purchase. The model values provide guidance in marketing and advertising by highlighting valid insights about the various driving factors for the consumers. According to this theory, the organizations should identify the effective driving factors for the consumers so that they can pursue to the consumers to make purchase. Contrast between two different models As stated by Baumeister et al., (2017), the economic model and the learning model have been developed based different principles and none of the models have been able to completely describe the buying behaviour of the consumers. The economic model is based on the concept of marginal utility where the consumer will buy a product having certain sum of money if the product will yield maximum amount of benefit. On the other hand, the learning model is based on the ability of the consumers to forget, learn and discriminate where the organization can invoke a drive within them by using driving factors that will have different response on the stimuli of the consumers. Mandel et al., (2017) opined that economic model has examined and explained the buying behaviour of the consumers form the economic perspective where the consumers are judged based on their value seeking ability. Therefore, according to the economic model the economic trends will have a deep impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers. Moreover, the buying pattern of the consumers are affected by the surrounding environment. However, this model has not taken into account the irrationality of the consumers. The consumers are not rational all the time and thats why the consumers do not always go for the products with the maximum value. There are multiple occasions where the consumers defy the economic model and its principles. The learning model comes into play at such conditions, the learning is a psychological model which is based on the psyche of the consumers. Therefore, consumers can be made to learn behaviours which will drive them to buy particular product (Rezvani, Jansson Bengtsson, 2017). Reinforcing the consumers with driving factors is an effective way of driving the sales of an organization. However, this model is incomplete where learning is not the only condition in the buying process. Therefore, the decision making of the consumers are other determinants. The model has taken into consideration other determinants such as personality, perception, attitudes and group influences. Therefore, both these models explained in the study are incomplete and none of them can completely describe the buying behaviour of the consumers. These two models are contrasting as one assumes that consumers are rational where the other model assumes that consumers learn from themselves and others. Therefore, according to the economic model, the consumers should be provided with value propositions. Moreover, the different promotional and sales schemes will have a deep impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers based on this model (Lang Rettenmeier, 2017). On the contrary, the consumers will buy rewarding products and the products should have positive reinforcements. Therefore, strategies like product demonstration, free trails, sales and testing of the products will have a different impact on the buying behaviour of the consumers. however, when we analyse the suggested strategies it can be seen that these strategies have been used by different companies in different sectors. Therefore, it can be said that the industry characteristics and the product specifications are also important factors in deciding the accurate model to be used. The marketing measures are used by different companies based on their strategic goal so it can be said that these models are still very much effective. Therefore, there are companies that choose competitive pricing as a strategy to gain competitive advantage in the market. These strategies are effectively used by the companies in a saturated market for example, the companies in the United Kingdom retail industry. The companies in the retail sector in the United Kingdom compete by developing competitive pricing due to the intense competition and the consumers have extremely sensitive to price. Therefore, the organizations use sales promotions and discounts to increase their short-term sales. However, this strategy cannot be used on along term basis as it is impossible for companies to provide discounts and sales throughout the year. On the other hand, the psychological model is more suitable for the companies in the automobile industry. This is because of the fact that the companies f ocus on the usage of the product and the level of satisfaction of the consumers. This can also be applicable to the fashion industry where testing and trails are common phenomenon for the consumers. This is because of the reinforcements can be easily done by providing trails of the latest products. These will enable to create a learning with the consumers. Therefore, this enable to influence the driving factors within the customers. Therefore, the companies trying to gain loyal consumers use price sensitive strategies and develop value propositions among consumers that are more rational. On the other hand, the companies will be focusing on personal experience to consumers in such markets where the satisfaction level of the consumers are the main factor for retaining the consumers. In the context of the modern business scenario, with the advent of big data and statistical tools it is easier to identify the behaviour of the consumers. The trends in the buying behaviour of the consumers can be used by the companies to develop effective strategy based on the model they have developed. Therefore, differentiating between rational consumers and the consumers looking for personal experience will have to be evaluated and identified in order to maintain sustainability and gain competitive advantage in the market. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from the report that the two models of consumer behaviour are incomplete models but they have a practical implication in marketing where the companies in the market can analyse the consumers to develop effective marketing strategies which will be able to grab the attention of the majority of the target consumers in the market. Moreover, economic model focuses on utility while the learning model focuses on reinforcements. However, both these models are significantly important if used effectively by the companies. References Baumeister, R. F., Clark, C. J., Kim, J., Lau, S. 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